Hale hana mua

Hale hana mua

ʻO kahi hale i hana mua ʻia, ʻaʻole i hana mua ʻia, he hale i hana ʻia a kūkulu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka prefabrication.Loaʻa iā ia nā ʻāpana i hana ʻia e ka hale hana a i ʻole nā ​​​​hui i lawe ʻia a hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ma ka pūnaewele e hana i ka hale piha.

Ua kūkulu ʻia nā hale ma kekahi wahi a ua hui hou ʻia ma kahi ʻē aʻe i ka mōʻaukala.He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia no nā hana kelepona, a i ʻole no nā wahi hou.ʻO Elmina Castle, ka pā kaua kauā mua ma ʻApelika Komohana, ʻo ia ka hale hana mua ʻEulopa ma Sub-saharan Africa. wehe koke ʻia a neʻe i hoʻokahi manawa.Ua wehewehe ʻo John Rollo i ka makahiki 1801 ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hale haukapila lawelima ma West Indies.[2]ʻO ka "Manning cottage" paha ka hale prefab mua i hoʻolaha ʻia.Ua kūkulu ʻo Henry Manning, kahi kamanā ʻo Lākana, i hale i kūkulu ʻia i nā ʻāpana, a laila hoʻouna ʻia a hōʻuluʻulu ʻia e nā haole Pelekane.Ua paʻi ʻia kēia i kēlā manawa (hoʻolaha, South Australian Record, 1837) a ke kū nei kekahi mau mea ma Australia.[3]ʻO kekahi o ia ka Hale Halawaʻi Hoa, ʻo Adelaide.[4][5]ʻO ka makahiki kiʻekiʻe no ka lawe ʻana mai i nā hale lawe lima i Australia ʻo 1853, i ka manawa i hōʻea mai ai kekahi mau haneli.Ua ʻike ʻia mai Liverpool mai, Boston a me Singapore (me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo Kina no ka hui hou ʻana).[6]Ma Barbados, ʻo ka hale Chattel kahi ʻano o ka hale hana mua i kūkulu ʻia e nā kauā i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i nā kuleana palena ʻole e kūkulu ma luna o ka ʻāina ʻaʻole lākou.No ka hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā hale, ua manaʻo ʻia lākou ma ke kānāwai he mau hale ʻai.[7]

I ka makahiki 1855 i ka wā o ke Kaua Crimean, ma hope o Florence Nightingale i kākau ai i kahi leka i The Times, ua kauoha ʻia ʻo Isambard Kingdom Brunel e hoʻolālā i kahi haukapila modular prefabricated.I loko o ʻelima mau mahina ua hoʻolālā ʻo ia i ka Halemaʻi Renkioi: kahi hale maʻi maʻi 1,000, me nā mea hou i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ka ea a me ka halepaku.Ua kūkulu ʻo Fabricator William Eassie i nā ʻāpana he 16 i makemake ʻia ma Gloucester Docks, i hoʻouna pololei ʻia i nā Dardanelles.Hoʻohana wale ʻia mai Malaki 1856 a i Kepakemapa 1857, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka make mai 42% a i 3.5%.

ʻO ka honua i hana mua ʻia, i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i mua o ka hale i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Liverpool.Ua hana ʻia kahi kaʻina hana e ka ʻenekinia kūlanakauhale ʻo John Alexander Brodie, nona ka mea akamai i ka hana ʻana i ka ʻupena pahu pahu.Ua ukali ʻia nā hale kaʻa kaʻaahi ma Walton ma Liverpool i ka makahiki 1906. ʻAʻole i hoʻokō nui ʻia ka manaʻo ma Beretania, akā ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ʻEulopa Hikina.

Ua hana ʻia nā hale i hana mua ʻia i ka wā o ke Gold Rush ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, i ka wā i hana ʻia ai nā kits e hiki ai i ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi Kaleponi ke kūkulu wikiwiki i kahi noho.Loaʻa nā hale ma ke ʻano kit ma ka leka uila ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 1908.[9]

Ua kaulana nā hale i kūkulu mua ʻia i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua ma muli o ka pono o ka noho nui ʻana no nā pūʻali koa.Ua hoʻohana ʻo ʻAmelika i nā hale ʻo Quonset ma ke ʻano he mau hale koa, a ma United Kingdom, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hale i hana mua ʻia me Nissen hut a me Bellman Hangars.Ua kūkulu ʻia nā 'Prefabs' ma hope o ke kaua ma ke ʻano o ka hāʻawi wikiwiki ʻana i nā hale maikaʻi e like me ke pani no ka hale i luku ʻia i ka wā o ka Blitz.ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā hale i hana mua ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo ia ka hopena o ke Kōmike Burt a me ka Housing (Temporary Accommodation) Act 1944. Ma lalo o ka papahana hale ʻo Ministry of Works Emergency Factory Made hale, ua huki ʻia kahi kikoʻī a hāʻawi ʻia e nā ʻano hana pilikino like ʻole. hui.Ma hope o ka ʻae ʻia ʻana e ka MoW, hiki i nā hui ke noi aku i nā papa hana hoʻomohala alakaʻi ʻia e ka ʻAha, e hopena i nā ʻāina holoʻokoʻa o nā hale hana i kūkulu ʻia no ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā hale no ka poʻe i noho ʻole ʻia e ke Kaua a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā wahi moe.[10]Ma kahi kokoke i 160,000 i kūkulu ʻia ma UK e 1948 ma kahi kumukūʻai kokoke i £ 216 miliona.ʻO ka ʻāina prefab nui loa ma Beretania[11] aia ma Belle Vale (South Liverpool), kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai ma mua o 1,100 ma hope o ke Kaua Honua 2. manawa.
Amersham Prefab (COAM)-lumi mua e hōʻike ana i ke ahi paʻa
Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hana mua i nā ʻohana, a he hale komo maʻamau, ʻelua lumi moe (nā mākua a me nā keiki), kahi lumi ʻauʻau (kahi lumi me ka ʻauʻau) - he mea hou ia no nā poʻe Pelekania i kēlā manawa, kahi lua kaʻawale, kahi lumi noho. a me kahi lumi kuke i lako (ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka manaʻo hou).ʻO nā mea hana i hana ʻia me ke kila, ka alumini, ka lāʻau a i ʻole asbestos, ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hale.Ua hana ʻia ka alumini Type B2 prefab ma ke ʻano he ʻehā mau ʻāpana i hui mua ʻia i hiki ke lawe ʻia e nā kaʻa ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina.[12]
ʻO Amersham Prefab's Kitchen (COAM)-e hōʻike ana i ka mea kuke Belling, ka mea holoi holoi Ascot a me ka pahu hau.
Hāʻawi ʻia ka Universal House (kiʻi ʻia ma ka hema a me ka lumi ʻaina ʻaina ʻākau) i ka Chiltern Open Air Museum ma hope o 40 mau makahiki i hoʻohana ʻia.Ua hana ʻia ka Mark 3 e ka Universal Housing Company Ltd, Rickmansworth.

Ua hoʻohana ʻo ʻAmelika i nā hale i hana mua ʻia no nā pūʻali i ka wā o ke kaua a no nā GI hoʻi i ka home.Ua kaulana nā lumi papa prefab me nā kula UK e hoʻonui ana i kā lākou ʻōwili i ka wā o ka pēpē pēpē o 1950s a me 1960s.

Nui nā hale i hoʻolālā ʻia me ka makahiki ʻelima a me ka ʻumi makahiki, akā ua ʻoi aku ma mua o kēia, me kahi helu e ola nei i kēia lā.I ka makahiki 2002, no ka laʻana, aia nō ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Bristol i nā poʻe noho e noho ana ma 700 mau hiʻohiʻona.[13]Nui nā ʻaha kūkā o UK i ka wā e hoʻohiolo ai i nā hiʻohiʻona hope loa o ke Kaua Honua ʻelua prefabs i mea e hoʻokō ai i ka Decent Homes Standard o ke aupuni Pelekania, i hoʻomaka ʻia ma 2010. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻāla hou ʻia i nā ʻano hana prefabricated. o ke kukulu ana i mea e uku ai i ka hemahema o na hale o Beritania i keia wa.

Prefabs a me ka neʻe hou

Hoʻokomo nā mea kālai kiʻi i nā hoʻolālā hou i loko o nā hale hana mua o kēia mau lā.ʻAʻole pono e hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hale prefab me ka home mobile ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano, akā me kahi hoʻolālā modernist paʻakikī.[14]Ua hoʻonui pū ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea "'ōmaʻomaʻo" i ke kūkulu ʻana i kēia mau hale prefab.Hiki i nā mea kūʻai ke koho maʻalahi ma waena o nā ʻano hoʻopau pili i ke kaiapuni a me nā ʻōnaehana pā.No ka mea ua kūkulu ʻia kēia mau hale ma nā ʻāpana, ua maʻalahi ka mea nona ka hale e hoʻohui i nā lumi hou a i ʻole nā ​​​​panela lā i nā hale.Nui nā hale prefab hiki ke hoʻopilikino ʻia i ko ka mea kūʻai aku i kahi kikoʻī a me ke aniau, e hana ana i nā hale prefab i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a me ke ʻano hou ma mua o ka wā ma mua.

Aia ka zeitgeist a i ʻole ke ʻano i loko o nā pōʻai hoʻolālā a makemake ka ʻuhane o ka makahiki i ka wāwae kalapona liʻiliʻi o "prefab".

Ka pono
ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale i hana mua ʻia ua lilo i mea maikaʻi loa ma Kina i kūkulu ʻia e kahi mea kūkulu hale ma Changsha he ʻumi hale hale i nā hola 28 a me 45 mau minuke.[15][16]

Ma nā ʻāina komunista
He nui nā ʻāina ʻEulopa hikina i loaʻa i ka pōʻino kino i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II a ua ʻilihune loa ko lākou ʻoihana.Pono e hana hou i na kulanakauhale i poino nui i ke kaua.No ka laʻana, ua hoʻopau ʻia ʻo Warsaw i lalo o ka luku ʻia ʻana o Warsaw e nā pūʻali Kelemania ma hope o ka 1944 Warsaw Uprising.ʻO ke kikowaena o Dresden, Kelemānia, ua luku loa ʻia e ka 1945 Allied bombardation.Ua luku nui ʻia ʻo Stalingrad a he mau hale liʻiliʻi wale nō i koe.

ʻO nā hale hana mua i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano he ala maʻalahi a wikiwiki hoʻi e hōʻoluʻolu i ka hemahema o nā hale e pili ana i ka luku ʻana i ke kaua a me ka nui o ke kūlanakauhale a me ka lele ʻana i nā kuaʻāina.