ʻŌnaehana hale kiʻi kila māmā

Hoʻopili nui ʻia ke ʻano hana e ka hale kuʻuna lāʻau ma ʻEulopa.Hoʻokumu pinepine ʻia ka pahu me ke kila lahilahi a i ʻole ke kila ʻāpana liʻiliʻi e pani ai i nā kaola o ka paia, nā ʻāʻī a me nā kuʻekuʻe o ka hale papa lāʻau. nā kūlana hana a me ka hiki ke lawe. ʻO nā mea maʻamau:

Pūnaehana hale ʻano lālā o ka ʻāpana: ua hui ʻia ka hale i loko o ka hale kila māmā e nā kolamu, nā kaola paia, nā kaola, nā joists, purlins, nā kuʻekuʻe a me nā ʻāpana o ka hale a me nā lālā ʻē aʻe, a laila waiho ʻia ka hale, nā panela pā a me nā puka a me nā puka makani. Hoʻopili ʻia nā hui o ka iwi e nā bolts a me nā papa hoʻohui. I mea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka paʻa o ke kiʻi i hui ʻia, kākoʻo a hoʻoponopono ʻia paha nā kaula kaula kea i hoʻohui ʻia i nā ʻāpana pono. , He mea maʻalahi ka halihali, hiki ke hoʻololi i nā pono o ka hui like ʻole o ka hale.

Pūnaehana hale ʻāpana ʻāpana: ʻO ka pā ʻana o ke kila kila lahilahi i hoʻohana ʻia e like me ke ʻano o ka ʻiʻo ʻana o ka ukana no nā paia, nā papahele a me nā hale e hui pū ai i ka hale holoʻokoʻa. Hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia ka Windows i loko o ka hale hana i ka wā prefabrication a i ke kahua kūkulu paha ma hope o ka ʻākoakoa ʻana o ka iwi. Hiki ke hana i ka hana ma ka hale hana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ke kūkulu ʻana ma ka pūnaewele.

I loko o ka hale hana me ka lahilahi-pā hao hui i loko o ka lumi-nui pahu iwi, hoʻopiha i loko a me waho hoʻonani a hoʻopau i loko o ka insulation papa, a hiki i loko o ka mea hoʻonani, me nā kukui, nā pale, nā kapena, nā hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a me nā lako paʻa a pēlā aku. Hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hale hana. Lawe ʻia i ke kahua kūkulu, ʻoiai ua mākaukau nā pahu like ʻole e hāpai, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano o ka node a me ka mālama wai, pili i ka pipeline. ua hana 'ia kekahi mau pahu pahu i mea collapsible pahu-like, i lawe 'ia i ka paena a wehe 'ia i ka wā hosting no ka hui 'ana. keia hui ana o ka anaina pono e hoʻolohe i ka paʻa, a me ka hui pū wai, wela mālama mālama. e hana ʻia i ʻano trailer a i ʻole ʻano pahu pahu hale paʻa, maʻalahi ke mālama.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻenehana hana o ke kila kila māmā hale noho haʻahaʻa ma luna o ka ʻenehana kūkulu hale lāʻau kaila ʻAmelika ʻĀkau.Ma hope o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i kahi ʻōnaehana kūkulu makua me ka hana kino maikaʻi loa, kahi ākea a me ke ʻano, hana maʻalahi a me nā ʻano like ʻole. ma mua o 95% o nā hale kīwila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, me nā hale noho, nā hale kūʻai kūʻai, nā kula, nā hale keʻena a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua kūkulu ʻia me ka lāʻau a i ʻole ke kila kila (ʻoiai me ko mākou mau hoalauna ʻo Iapana a me South Korea). ʻO nā makahiki i hala iho nei, me ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai lāʻau, ke ulu nei ka mākeke o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolālā kila māmā ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana ma mua o 30%, a ua ʻae ʻia e ka lehulehu. ʻO ka mākeke.Hoʻohana nui ʻia i ko mākou mau hoalauna kokoke i Iapana (kahi i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ʻōnaehana KC) a me South Korea, a me Australia.Hiki ke hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hale kila māmā ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i nā makahiki i hala iho nei e like me ka ʻenehana oʻo a hilinaʻi, ʻōnaehana hoʻololi i kūpono i ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala pāʻoihana, ʻoihana kūkulu kiʻekiʻe, ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe e like me ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni, ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu a me ka hoʻomau. hooulu ana.

ʻO ka hoʻopukaʻana o kaʻoihana kila o Kina i mua o ka honua, akā,ʻo ka hapa o ke kila i loko o kaʻoihana hana he haʻahaʻa loa ia ma mua o ka pae o nā'āina i kūkuluʻia, māmā ke kila kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kivila hale noho enehana i ka laina me ka'āina' oihana. alakaʻi i ka ʻoihana kūkulu; ʻO kēlā me kēia papahana hale hale kila māmā a JuQimei i komo ai a i alakaʻi ʻia paha ua hoʻāla i ka hopena ikaika a me ka hopohopo mai ka ʻoihana insiders a me nā keʻena aupuni pili i nā pae āpau, a ua loaʻa iā ia ke kākoʻo kulekele a me ka ʻenehana mai nā keʻena aupuni kūpono ma nā pae a pau.

Light kila hale 'enehana a me ka hoʻonohonoho huahana mea loa oʻo, kiʻekiʻe degere o industrialization,ʻo North America kokoke i ka haneri makahiki o ke kūkulu 'enehana a me ka hale mea hana ulu crystallization.Galvanized kila papa hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka hale i maikai corrosion kū'ē a me ka lōʻihi, me ka lawelawe. ke ola o 275 mau makahiki i ka hoʻohana maʻamau. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana seismic o ka hale kila māmā ma mua o nā hale kuʻuna a me nā pōhaku lepo - nā hale paʻa. ʻO ka ʻāpana o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana he like wale nō me ka ʻāpana like o ke kaumaha o ka hale kaʻa pōhaku 1/4, no laila ua maʻalahi kona kumu, kūpono no ka hapa nui o nā kūlana honua.