paipu kila

Paipu
ʻO ka paipu he ʻāpana tubular a i ʻole ka pahu pahu, maʻamau akā ʻaʻole pono he ʻāpana keʻa pōʻai, hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka lawe ʻana i nā mea hiki ke kahe - nā wai a me nā kinoea (wai), slurries, pauka a me ka nui o nā mea paʻa liʻiliʻi.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā hana hoʻolālā;ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka paipu hollow i kēlā me kēia paona paona.

Ma ka hoʻohana maʻamau, hiki ke hoʻololi pinepine ʻia nā huaʻōlelo paipu a me ka paipu, akā ma ka ʻoihana a me ka ʻenekinia, wehewehe ʻokoʻa nā huaʻōlelo.Ma muli o ke kūlana kūpono i hana ʻia ai, ʻike ʻia ka paipu e kahi anawaena nominal me kahi anawaena waho mau (OD) a me kahi papa kuhikuhi e wehewehe i ka mānoanoa.Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka paipu e ka OD a me ka mānoanoa o ka paia, akā hiki ke kuhikuhi ʻia e kekahi ʻelua o OD, ka anawaena o loko (ID), a me ka mānoanoa pā.Hana ʻia ka paipu i kekahi o nā kūlana ʻenehana honua a me ka ʻāina.[1]ʻOiai e loaʻa ana nā kūlana like no nā paipu noi ʻoihana kūikawā, hana pinepine ʻia ka paipu i nā nui maʻamau a me kahi ākea ākea o nā anawaena a me nā hoʻomanawanui.Nui nā kūlana ʻoihana a me ke aupuni no ka hana ʻana i ka paipu a me ka paipu.Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "tube" i nā ʻāpana cylindrical ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā paipu huinaha a ʻehā paha.Ma keʻano laulā, ʻo "pipe" ka huaʻōlelo maʻamau i ka hapa nui o ka honua, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka "paipu" ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

ʻO ka "paipu" a me ka "paipu" e hōʻike ana i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka rigidity a me ka paʻa mau, akā ʻo ka hose (a i ʻole ka hosepipe) maʻamau a maʻalahi.Hana ʻia nā hui paipu i nā manawa a pau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea pono e like me nā kuʻekuʻe, nā tees, a pēlā aku, ʻoiai ke hana ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia paha ka paipu i nā hoʻonohonoho maʻamau.No nā mea paʻakikī, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia, a i ʻole ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana e nā code a i ʻole nā ​​​​maʻamau, kūkulu pū ʻia nā hui paipu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā paipu paipu.

Hoʻohana
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka paipu ma ke alanui ma Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Paipaipai
Piʻi wai
ʻO ka hoʻoinu ʻana
Pipeline lawe kinoea a wai paha ma kahi lōʻihi
Pūnaehana ea paʻa
ʻO ka pahu no nā pilings koneki i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hana kūkulu
ʻO nā kaʻina hana kiʻekiʻe-mehana a i ʻole kiʻekiʻe
ʻO ka ʻoihana ʻaila:
Hoʻopaʻa punawai ʻaila
ʻO nā mea hana ʻaila
Ka lawe ʻana i nā wai, ke kinoea a i ʻole ka wai, i loko o kahi mea kanu kaʻina hana mai kekahi wahi a i kekahi wahi o ke kaʻina hana
ʻO ka lawe ʻana i nā mea paʻa nui, i loko o kahi meaʻai a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea kanu kaʻina hana mai kekahi wahi a i kekahi wahi o ka hana
ʻO ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā kīʻaha kiʻekiʻe (e hoʻomanaʻo, ua hana ʻia nā moku kaomi nui mai ka pā, ʻaʻole ka paipu ma muli o ka mānoanoa o ka pā a me ka nui).
Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻohana ʻia nā paipu no nā kumu he nui ʻaʻole pili i ka lawe ʻana i ka wai.Hoʻokumu pinepine ʻia nā lima lima, scaffolding, a me nā hale kākoʻo mai ka paipu hana, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma kahi ʻoihana ʻoihana.

Hana ʻia
ʻatikala nui: kiʻi kiʻi paipu
ʻEkolu kaʻina hana no ka hana ʻana i ka paipu metala.ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka metala wela kekahi o nā kaʻina hana kaulana loa.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka paipu Seamless (SMLS) ma ke kahakiʻi ʻana i kahi billet paʻa ma luna o ke koʻokoʻo hou e hana ai i ka pūpū puha ma kahi hana i kapa ʻia ʻo rotary piercing.No ka mea ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia ke kaʻina hana i nā kuʻi, ua ʻike ʻia nā paipu seamless ʻoi aku ka ikaika a ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi.Ma ka mōʻaukala, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka paipu maʻemaʻe ma mua o nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka paipu welded.

ʻO nā holomua mai ka makahiki 1970 i nā mea waiwai, ka mālama ʻana i ke kaʻina hana, a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻole luku ʻole, e ʻae i ka paipu welded i kuhikuhi pono ʻia e pani i ka maʻalahi i nā noi he nui.Hoʻokumu ʻia ka paipu welded ma o ka ʻōwili ʻia ʻana o ka pā a me ka wiliwili ʻana i ke kaʻina (e maʻa mau ʻia e Electric resistance welding (“ERW”), a i ʻole Electric Fusion Welding (“EFW”)).Hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka weld flash mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua a me waho me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻili scarfing.Hiki ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka weld zone i mea e ʻike ʻole ʻia ai ke hili.ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana o ka welded ma mua o ke ʻano seamless, a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana.

Nui nā kaʻina hana i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā paipu ERW.Ke alakaʻi nei kēlā me kēia kaʻina hana i ka coalescence a i ʻole ka hui ʻana o nā mea kila i loko o nā paipu.Hoʻoholo ʻia ke au uila ma nā ʻili e pono e wili pū ʻia;ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻāpana i hui pū ʻia e kūʻē i ke au uila, hana ʻia ka wela e hana i ka weld.Hoʻokumu ʻia nā loko metala i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma kahi e hoʻopili ʻia ai nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua e like me ke kahe ʻana o ke au uila ikaika ma o ka metala;ʻO kēia mau loko o ka metala hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka weld e hoʻopaʻa ai i nā ʻāpana pili ʻelua.

Hana ʻia nā paipu ERW mai ka wili lōʻihi o ke kila.Ke hoʻomau nei ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe no nā paipu ERW, e kū'ē i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa i nā manawa.Hoʻohana ke kaʻina hana ERW i ke kila kila e like me ka meaʻai.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka High Frequency Induction Technology (HFI) no ka hana ʻana i nā paipu ERW.Ma kēia kaʻina hana, hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano e wili ai i ka paipu ma o ka induction coil a puni ka paipu.Manaʻo ʻia ʻo HFI he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka ERW "maʻamau" i ka wā e hana ai i nā paipu no nā noi koʻikoʻi, e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāpana ikehu, me nā mea hoʻohana ʻē aʻe i nā noi paipu laina, a me ka pahu a me nā paipu.
He paipu ERW, EFW a Submerged Arc Welded (“SAW”) paha ka paipu anana nui (25 kenimika (10 in) a oi paha.ʻElua mauʻenehana i hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia no ka hanaʻana i nā paipu kila o nā nui iʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā paipu kila i hiki ke hanaʻia e nā kaʻina hanaʻole a me ka ERW.ʻO nā ʻano paipu ʻelua i hana ʻia ma o kēia mau ʻenehana he longitudinal-submerged arc-welded (LSAW) a me spiral-submerged arc-welded (SSAW) paipu.Hana ʻia ʻo LSAW ma ke kuʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā pā kila ākea a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā noi ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea.Ma muli o ko lākou kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā paipu LSAW i nā noi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻole e like me nā paipu wai.Hoʻokumu ʻia nā paipu SSAW e ka wiliwili (helicoidal) o ka wili kila a loaʻa iā ia ka maikaʻi o ke kumukūʻai ma mua o nā paipu LSAW, no ka mea, hoʻohana ka hana i nā wili ma mua o nā pā kila.No laila, ma nā noi kahi e ʻae ʻia ai ka spiral-weld, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā paipu SSAW ma mua o nā paipu LSAW.ʻO nā paipu LSAW a me nā paipu SSAW e hoʻokūkū kūʻē i nā paipu ERW a me nā paipu ʻole ma nā pae anawaena o 16”-24”.

Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā paipu no ke kahe ʻana, me ka metala a i ʻole ka plastic
Nā mea waiwai

ʻO nā puna wai kahiko mai Philadelphia me nā paipu lāʻau
Hana ʻia ka paipu mai loko mai o nā ʻano mea like ʻole me ka seramika, ke aniani, ka fiberglass, nā metala he nui, ka palaki a me ka plastic.I ka wā ma mua, hoʻohana mau ʻia ka lāʻau a me ke kēpau (Latin plumbum, no laila ka huaʻōlelo 'plumbing').

ʻO ka mea maʻamau, hana ʻia nā paipu metala me ke kila a i ʻole ka hao, e like me ke kila ʻeleʻele (lacquer), ke kila kalapona, ke kila kila, ke kila galvanized, ke keleawe, a me ka hao ductile.ʻO ka paipu hao e pili ana i ka ʻino inā hoʻohana ʻia i loko o kahi kahawai wai nui loa o ka oxygen.[2]Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka paipu alumini a i ʻole ka paipu ma kahi i kūpono ʻole ai ka hao me ka wai lawelawe a i ʻole ke kaumaha;hoʻohana pū ʻia ka alumini no nā paipu hoʻoili wela e like me nā ʻōnaehana refrigerant.He mea kaulana ka paipu keleawe no nā ʻōnaehana paipu wai o ka hale (potable);hiki ke hoʻohana i ke keleawe ma kahi e makemake ʻia ai ka hoʻoili wela (ʻo ia hoʻi nā radiators a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻololi wela).Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Inconel, chrome moly, a me titanium steel alloys i ke kiʻekiʻe wela a me ke kaomi paipu ma ke kaʻina hana a me nā keʻena mana.I ka wehewehe ʻana i nā alloys no nā kaʻina hana hou, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā pilikia i ʻike ʻia o ka creep a me ka hopena sensitization.

Loaʻa ʻia ka paipu kepau i loko o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolaha wai kahiko a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolaha wai ʻē aʻe, akā ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā paipu wai inu hou ma muli o kona ʻona.He nui nā code hale i kēia manawa e koi ʻia e hoʻololi ʻia nā paipu alakaʻi ma nā hale noho a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻonohonoho ʻoihana me nā paipu ʻawaʻawa ʻole a i ʻole e mālama ʻia ka loko o nā paipu me ka waikawa phosphoric.Wahi a kekahi kanaka noiʻi kiʻekiʻe a me ka loea alakaʻi me ka Canadian Environmental Law Association, "…ʻaʻohe pae palekana o ke alakaʻi [no ka ʻike kanaka]".[3]I ka makahiki 1991 ua hoʻopuka ka US EPA i ka Lead and Copper Rule, he kānāwai federal ia e kaupalena ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ke kēpau a me ke keleawe i ʻae ʻia i loko o ka wai inu lehulehu, a me ka nui i ʻae ʻia o ka ʻino o ka paipu ma muli o ka wai ponoʻī.Ma ʻAmelika, ua manaʻo ʻia he 6.5 miliona mau laina lawelawe alakaʻi (nā paipu e hoʻopili ai i nā kumu wai me nā paipu hale) i hoʻokomo ʻia ma mua o nā makahiki 1930.[4]

Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka paipu plastik no kona kaumaha māmā, kūpaʻa kemika, nā waiwai non-corrosive, a me ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana.ʻO nā mea palaki ka polyvinyl chloride (PVC), [5] chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), [6] reinforced polymer mortar (RPMP), [6] polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), cross -hoʻohui ʻia ka polyethylene kiʻekiʻe (PEX), polybutylene (PB), a me ka acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), no ka laʻana.Ma nā ʻāina he nui, ʻike nā paipu PVC i ka hapa nui o nā mea paipu i hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi kūloko i kanu ʻia no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka wai inu a me nā kumu wai ʻōpala.[5]Ke wānana nei nā mea noiʻi mākeke i ka loaʻa kālā o ka honua holoʻokoʻa ma mua o US $ 80 biliona ma 2019.[7]Ma ʻEulopa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai mākeke.€12.7 biliona ma 2020 [8]

Hiki ke hana ʻia ka paipu mai ke kaʻa a i ʻole ka ceramic, maʻamau no nā noi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e like me ke kahe ʻumekaumaha a i ʻole ka wai.Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā paipu no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka pālolo a i ʻole ka pālolo vitrified.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke koʻi paʻa no nā paipu mūkini nui.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mea paipu i nā ʻano hana he nui, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka lawe ʻana i ka wai ʻino.ʻO ka maʻamau e loaʻa i kēlā paipu ka bele hoʻokipa a i ʻole ke kuʻekuʻe wāwae, me nā ʻano hana hoʻopaʻa like ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kau ʻana.

Hiki ke ʻimi a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā mea waiwai maikaʻi (PMI)
Ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā huila no ka paipu, hana ʻia nā hoʻāʻo metallurgical no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka haku mele ʻana ma ka % o kēlā me kēia mea kemika i loko o ka paipu, a hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hopena i loko o kahi Material Test Report (MTR).Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau hoʻāʻo e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka ʻae ʻana o ka huila i nā kikoʻī like ʻole (e laʻa me 316 SS).Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hoʻokolohua e ke keʻena QA/QC o ka wili a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka huli ʻana i ka mea i ka wili e nā mea hoʻohana e hiki mai ana, e like me nā mea hana paipu a kūpono.ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka traceability ma waena o ka mea hao a me ka MTR e pili ana he pilikia koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi.Pono pinepine ʻo QA i ka helu wela e kākau ʻia ma ka paipu.Pono e mālama ʻia i mea e pale ai i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea hoʻopunipuni.Ma ke ʻano he hoʻihoʻi no ka etching/labelling of the material identification on the pipe, positive material identification (PMI) i hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea paʻa lima;ʻIke ka mea hana i ka mea paipu me ka hawewe electromagnetic i hoʻokuʻu ʻia (x-ray fluorescence/XRF) a loaʻa iā ia kahi pane i nānā ʻia me ka spectrographically.

Nui
'Ōlelo nui: Nominal Pipe Size
Hiki ke huikau ka nui o ka paipu no ka mea pili paha ka hua'ōlelo i nā ana mōʻaukala.No ka la'ana, 'a'ohe ana o ka paipu hao he hapalua 'īniha.I ka wā mua, he 1⁄2 ʻīniha (13 mm) ke anawaena o loko o ka paipu hapa ʻīniha—akā, he mau paia mānoanoa kekahi.I ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ka ʻenehana, hiki i nā paia ʻoi aku ka lahilahi, akā ua mau ke anawaena o waho i hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka paipu kahiko, e hoʻonui ana i ke anawaena o loko ma mua o ka hapalua ʻīniha.Ua like ka moʻolelo o ka paipu keleawe.I ka makahiki 1930, ua koho ʻia ka paipu e kona anawaena o loko a me ka mānoanoa o ka paia he 1⁄16 iniha (1.6 mm).No laila, he paipu keleawe 1-inihi (25 mm) he 1+1⁄8-inihi (28.58 mm) ke anawaena o waho.ʻO ke anawaena o waho ka mea nui no ka male ʻana me nā mea pono.ʻOi aku ka lahilahi o ka mānoanoa o ka pā ma ke keleawe o kēia wā ma mua o 1⁄16-iniha (1.6 mm), no laila, ʻo ke anawaena o loko he "nominal" wale nō ma mua o ke ana mana.[9]Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenehana paipu hou i kekahi ʻōnaehana nui e like me kāna ponoʻī.Hoʻohana ka paipu PVC i ka nui o ka paipu inoa.

Hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka paipu e kekahi mau kūlana aupuni a me ka honua, me API 5L, ANSI/ASME B36.10M a me B36.19M ma US, BS 1600 a me BS EN 10255 ma United Kingdom a me ʻEulopa.

ʻElua mau ala maʻamau no ka koho ʻana i ke anawaena o waho (OD).Ua kapa ʻia ke ʻano o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau ʻo NPS (“Nominal Pipe Size”) a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā iniha (i kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo NB (“Nominal Bore”)).Ua kapa ʻia ka mana ʻEulopa ("Diametre Nominal" / "Nominal Diameter") a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā millimeters.ʻO ke koho ʻana i ke anawaena o waho e hiki ai i nā paipu o ka nui like ke hui pū me ka ʻole o ka mānoanoa o ka pā.

No ka nui o ka paipu ma lalo o NPS 14 iniha (DN 350), hāʻawi nā ʻano ʻelua i ka waiwai nominal no ka OD i hoʻopuni ʻia a ʻaʻole like me ka OD maoli.No ka laʻana, ʻo NPS 2 iniha a me DN 50 ka paipu like, akā ʻo ka OD maoli he 2.375 iniha a i ʻole 60.33 millimeters.ʻO ke ala wale nō e loaʻa ai ka OD maoli, ʻo ia ke nānā iā ia ma kahi papa kuhikuhi.
No ka nui o ka paipu o NPS 14 iniha (DN 350) a oi aku ka nui o ka NPS ke anawaena maoli ma na iniha a ua like ka nui DN me NPS manawa 25 (aole 25.4) i hoopuniia i ka huina kupono o 50. No ka la'ana, NPS 14 ua he OD o 14 iniha a i ʻole 355.60 millimeters, a ua like ia me DN 350.
No ka mea ua paʻa ke anawaena o waho no ka nui paipu i hāʻawi ʻia, e ʻokoʻa ke anawaena o loko ma muli o ka mānoanoa pā o ka paipu.No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o nā paia 2″ Hōʻike 80 a no laila ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke anawaena o loko ma mua o ka paipu 2″ Hōʻike 40.

Ua hana ʻia ka paipu kila ma kahi o 150 mau makahiki.ʻO nā nui paipu i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia lā i ka PVC a me ka galvanized i hoʻolālā mua ʻia i nā makahiki i hala aku nei no ka paipu kila.ʻO ka ʻōnaehana helu, e like me Sch 40, 80, 160, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia i ka wā kahiko a ʻano ʻano ʻano liʻiliʻi.No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ka paipa Sch 20 ma mua o Sch 40, akā ʻo OD like.A ʻoiai ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau paipu i ka nui o ka paipu kila kahiko, aia kekahi paipu ʻē aʻe, e like me ka cpvc no ka wai wela, e hoʻohana ana i nā nui paipu, i loko a i waho, e pili ana i nā kūlana nui o ka paipu keleawe kahiko ma mua o ke kila.

Nui nā kūlana like ʻole no ka nui o ka paipu, a ʻokoʻa ko lākou laha ma muli o ka ʻoihana a me ka ʻāina.ʻO ka helu nui o ka paipu i loaʻa nā helu ʻelua;ʻo kekahi e hōʻike ana i ka waho (OD) a i ʻole ke anawaena inoa, a ʻo kekahi e hōʻike ana i ka mānoanoa o ka pā.I ke kenekulia iwakālua, ua nui ka nui o ka paipu ʻAmelika e ke anawaena o loko.Ua haʻalele ʻia kēia hana no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻopili ʻana me nā mea hoʻopili paipu i kūpono i ka OD o ka paipu, akā ua loaʻa ka hopena mau loa i nā kūlana hou a puni ka honua.

Ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me UK, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka paipu kaomi e ka Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) a me ka papa kuhikuhi (SCH).Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka nui o ka paipu e kekahi mau kūlana, me API 5L, ANSI/ASME B36.10M (Papa 1) ma US, a me BS 1600 a me BS 1387 ma United Kingdom.ʻO ka maʻamau o ka mānoanoa o ka paipu ka mea hoʻololi i hoʻomalu ʻia, a ʻae ʻia ka Inside Diameter (ID) e ʻokoʻa.He 12.5 pakeneka ka mānoanoa o ka pā paipu.

Ma ke koena o ʻEulopa, hoʻohana ka paipu kaomi i nā ID paipu like a me ka mānoanoa o ka paia e like me ka Nominal Pipe Size, akā e hoʻopaʻa inoa iā lākou me kahi metric Diameter Nominal (DN) ma kahi o ka NPS imperial.No ka NPS nui aʻe ma mua o 14, ua like ka DN me ka NPS i hoʻonui ʻia e 25. (ʻAʻole 25.4) Ua kākau ʻia kēia e EN 10255 (DIN 2448 a me BS 1387 ma mua) a me ISO 65: 1981, a ua kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo DIN a i ʻole ISO pipe. .

Aia ʻo Iapana i kāna ʻano nui o nā paipu maʻamau, i kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo JIS pipe.

ʻO ka nui o ka paipu hao (IPS) kahi ʻōnaehana kahiko i hoʻohana ʻia e kekahi mau mea hana a me nā kiʻi a me nā lako hoʻoilina.Ua like ka helu IPS me ka helu NPS, akā ua kaupalena ʻia nā papa hana i Standard Wall (STD), Extra Strong (XS), a me Double Extra Strong (XXS).Ua like ka STD me SCH 40 no ka NPS 1/8 a i ka NPS 10, komo pū, a hōʻike i ka mānoanoa pā .375″ no NPS 12 a ʻoi aku.Ua like ka XS me SCH 80 no NPS 1/8 a i ka NPS 8, komo pū, a hōʻike i ka mānoanoa pā .500″ no NPS 8 a ʻoi aku ka nui.Loaʻa nā wehewehe ʻokoʻa no XXS, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole like ia me SCH 160. ʻOi aku ka mānoanoa o XXS ma mua o SCH 160 no NPS 1/8″ a i 6″ komo, akā ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o SCH 160 ma mua o XXS no NPS 8″ a nui aʻe.

ʻO kekahi ʻōnaehana kahiko ʻo ka Ductile Iron Pipe Size (DIPS), ʻoi aku ka nui o nā OD ma mua o IPS.

ʻO ka paipu paipu keleawe no ka paipu noho ma muli o kahi ʻōnaehana nui ʻokoʻa loa ma ʻAmelika, i kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo Copper Tube Size (CTS);see ʻōnaehana wai hale.ʻAʻole ka anawaena o loko a ʻaʻole hoʻi ke anawaena o waho.ʻO nā paipu plastik, e like me PVC a me CPVC, no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paipu, he ʻokoʻa ka nui o ke ʻano.

Hoʻohana nā noi mahiʻai i nā nui PIP, ʻo ia ka Plastic Irrigation Pipe.Hele mai ka PIP i nā helu kaomi o 22 psi (150 kPa), 50 psi (340 kPa), 80 psi (550 kPa), 100 psi (690 kPa), a me 125 psi (860 kPa) a loaʻa maʻamau i nā anawaena o 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, a me 24 iniha (15, 20, 25, 30, 38, 46, 53, a me 61 knm).

Nā kūlana
Hoʻoponopono paʻa ʻia ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka paipu kaomi e ka ASME "B31" code series e like me B31.1 a i ʻole B31.3 i loaʻa ko lākou kumu i ka ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC).Aia kēia code i ka mana o ke kānāwai ma Kanada a me US.Loaʻa i ʻEulopa a me ke koena o ka honua kahi ʻōnaehana like o nā code.ʻO ka paipu kaomi maʻamau ka paipu e pono e lawe i nā kaomi ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 a 25 mau ea, ʻoiai ʻokoʻa nā wehewehe.No ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hana palekana o ka ʻōnaehana, ʻo ka hana ʻana, ka mālama ʻana, ka wiliwili, ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka paipu kaomi pono e hoʻokō i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi.

Pono ka hana maʻamau no nā paipu i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka haku melemele a me kahi ʻano o nā hoʻāʻo ikaika mechanical no kēlā me kēia wela o ka paipu.Hoʻopili ʻia ka wela o ka paipu mai ka pahu hoʻoheheʻe hoʻokahi, a no laila ua like ke ʻano kemika like.Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā hoʻāʻo mīkini i ka nui o ka paipu, mai ka wela hoʻokahi a ua hana ʻia ma nā kaʻina hana wela like.Hana ka mea hana i kēia mau ho'āʻo a hōʻike i ka haku mele ʻana i loko o kahi hōʻike traceability mill a me nā hoʻokolohua mechanical i kahi hōʻike hoʻāʻo waiwai, ʻo ia mau mea ʻelua i kuhikuhi ʻia e ka acronym MTR.Kapa ʻia nā mea me kēia mau hōʻike hoʻāʻo pili ʻia he traceable.No nā noi koʻikoʻi, koi ʻia ka hōʻoia ʻana o kēia mau hoʻokolohua ʻekolu;i kēia hihia e hoʻopuka kahi lab kūʻokoʻa i kahi hōʻike hōʻike hōʻike hōʻoia (CMTR), a e kapa ʻia ka mea i hōʻoia ʻia.

ʻO kekahi mau kūlana paipu i hoʻohana nui ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​papa paipu:

ʻO ka laulā API - ISO 3183 i kēia manawa. E laʻa: API 5L Papa B - i kēia manawa ISO L245 kahi e hōʻike ai ka helu i ka ikaika hoʻopuka ma MPa
ASME SA106 Papa B (Pula kila kalapona ʻole no ka lawelawe wela kiʻekiʻe)
ʻO ASTM A312 (Hoʻoheheʻe a welded austenitic stainless steel paipu)
ASTM C76 (Pipa Paʻa)
ASTM D3033/3034 (Pūpa PVC)
ASTM D2239 (Polyethylene Pipe)
ISO 14692 (Petroleum a me nā ʻoihana kinoea maoli. Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) pipe. Qualification and manufacturing)
ASTM A36 (Pula hao kila no ka hoʻohana ʻana a i ʻole ke kaomi haʻahaʻa)
ASTM A795 (Steel pipe kūikawā no nā ʻōnaehana sprinkler ahi)
Ua hoʻololi ʻia ʻo API 5L i ka hapa ʻelua o 2008 i ka paʻi 44 mai ka paʻi 43 e hana like me ISO 3183. He mea nui ia e hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻololi ʻana i hana i ke koi ʻana i ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa, ka paipu ERW, e hele i kahi hydrogen induced cracking (HIC ) hoʻāʻo ma NACE TM0284 i mea e hoʻohana ai no ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa.

ACPA [Ahahui Paipu Paʻa ʻAmelika]
AWWA [Ahahui Hana Wai ʻAmelika]
AWWA M45
Hoʻokomo
ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka paipu ma mua o ka mea a me nā ʻano mea hana kūikawā, nā ʻenehana, a me nā ʻāpana i kūkulu ʻia e kōkua i kēia.Hāʻawi pinepine ʻia ka paipu i ka mea kūʻai aku a i ʻole kahi wahi hana ma ke ʻano he "lāʻau" a i ʻole ka lōʻihi o ka paipu (maʻamau 20 kapuaʻi (6.1 m), kapa ʻia ka lōʻihi maʻamau hoʻokahi) a i ʻole i hana mua ʻia me nā kuʻekuʻe, nā kī a me nā kiwi i loko o kahi spool paipu i hana mua ʻia [He paipu. ʻO ka spool he ʻāpana o ka paipu i hui mua ʻia a me nā mea pono, i hoʻomākaukau maʻamau ʻia i loko o kahi hale kūʻai i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokomo ʻana ma ke kahua kūkulu.].ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻaʻole i hana mua ʻia ka paipu liʻiliʻi ma mua o 2 iniha (5.1 knm).Hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia nā wili paipu me kahi code bar a hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā welau (plastic) no ka pale.Hāʻawi ʻia ka paipu a me ka paipu paipu i kahi hale kūʻai ma kahi ʻoihana kūʻai nui / ʻoihana a mālama ʻia paha i loko o ka hale a i ʻole ma kahi pā hale.Hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka paipu a i ʻole spool paipu, hoʻonohonoho ʻia, hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a laila hāpai ʻia i kahi.Ma nā hana kaʻina nui, hana ʻia ka hāpai ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā cranes a me ka hoist a me nā mea hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻē aʻe.Kākoʻo ʻia lākou no ka manawa lōʻihi ma ke ʻano kila me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā puʻupuʻu kaola, nā kaula, a me nā hoists liʻiliʻi a hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kākoʻo paipu a paʻa ʻole.

ʻO kahi laʻana o kahi mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi paipu paipu liʻiliʻi (nā ʻaoʻao wili) ʻo ia ka wili paipu.ʻAʻole kaumaha ka paipu liʻiliʻi a hiki ke hāpai ʻia e ka mea paʻahana hana.Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā o ka pau ʻana o ka mea kanu a pani ʻia paha, hiki ke hana mua ʻia ka paipu liʻiliʻi (liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi) i mea e hoʻolalelale ai i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka wā o ka pau ʻana.Ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o ka paipu e hoʻāʻo ʻia no ka leaks.Ma mua o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, pono paha e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e ka puhi ʻana i ka ea a i ʻole ka mahu a i ʻole ka holoi ʻana me ka wai.

Kākoʻo paipu
Kākoʻo pinepine ʻia nā paipu mai lalo a kau ʻia paha mai luna mai (akā hiki ke kākoʻo ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao), me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea i kapa ʻia nā kākoʻo paipu.Hiki ke maʻalahi nā kākoʻo e like me ka "kamaa" paipu e like me ka hapalua o ka I-beam i wili ʻia i lalo o ka paipu;Hiki ke “kau ʻia” me ka clevis, a i ʻole me nā ʻano hana trapeze i kapa ʻia nā paipu kau.Hiki i nā kākoʻo paipu o kēlā me kēia ʻano ke hoʻokomo i nā pūnāwai, snubbers, dampers, a i ʻole nā ​​hui pū ʻana o kēia mau mea hana e uku ai i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wela, a i ʻole e hāʻawi i ka hoʻokaʻawale haʻalulu, ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka haʻalulu, a i ʻole ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻalulu o ka paipu ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o ke olai.ʻO kekahi mau mea hoʻoheheʻe he mau kīʻaha wai wale nō, akā ʻo nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻē aʻe paha he mau mea hana hydraulic ikaika i loaʻa nā ʻōnaehana maʻalahi e hana e hoʻoheheʻe i nā neʻe kiʻekiʻe ma muli o nā haʻalulu i hoʻokau ʻia i waho a i ʻole nā ​​haʻalulu mechanical.Hiki ke hana ʻia nā hana i makemake ʻole ʻia (e like me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka moena wai) a i ʻole mai kahi hanana kūlohelohe e like me ke ōlaʻi (design basis event a i ʻole DBE).

Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā hui kau paipu me nā paipu paipu.Pono e hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i nā wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā haʻahaʻa kaumaha i ka wā e wehewehe ai i nā mea paʻi e pono ai.[10]

Hui pu ana
ʻatikala nui: Paipu a me nā pono paipu
Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā paipu e ka wili, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paipu kaula a me nā mea pono;hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pilina me kahi hui wili paipu, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Lipine seal thread, oakum, a i ʻole PTFE kaula, a i ʻole ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hui mechanical.Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia ka paipu kaʻina hana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kaʻina TIG a i ʻole MIG.ʻO ka hui paipu kaʻina hana maʻamau ka weld butt.Pono nā wēlau o ka paipu e wili ʻia i kahi hoʻomākaukau weld i kapa ʻia ʻo End Weld Prep (EWP) i maʻamau ma kahi kihi o 37.5 degere e hoʻokomo i ka metala weld filler.ʻO ke kaula paipu maʻamau ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau ʻo ia ka National Pipe Thread (NPT) a i ʻole ka mana Dryseal (NPTF).ʻO nā loina paipu ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka milo paipu maʻamau Pelekane (BSPT), ke kaula hose māla (GHT), a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke ahi (NST).

Hoʻohui maʻamau ʻia nā paipu keleawe e ke kūʻai ʻana, brazing, nā mea hoʻopili paʻa, flaring, a i ʻole crimping.Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā paipu palaki e ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka solvent, ka hui ʻana i ka wela, a i ʻole ke sila elastomeric.

Inā makemake ʻia ka wehe pinepine ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hilinaʻi ma mua o nā kaula.Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia kekahi mau paipu paʻa lahilahi o nā mea ductile, e like me ke keleawe liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā ​​paipu wai plastik maʻalahi i loaʻa i loko o nā hale no nā mea hana hau a me nā mea humidifiers.

ʻO kahi pahu kani HDPE i hui pū ʻia me kahi kāʻei Electrofusion.
Hoʻohana maʻamau ka paipu ma lalo o ke ʻano "push-on" gasket style o ka paipu e hoʻopaʻa i kahi kino i loko o kahi ākea i hana ʻia ma waena o nā ʻāpana pili ʻelua.Loaʻa nā hui paʻi ma ka hapa nui o nā ʻano paipu.Pono e hoʻohana ʻia kahi lubricant hui paipu i ka hui ʻana o ka paipu.Ma lalo o nā kūlana i kanu ʻia, ʻae nā paipu hui pū ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o ka lepo a me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa wela.[11]Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā paipu wai MDPE a me HDPE me nā mea pono Electrofusion.

Hoʻohana maʻamau ka paipu ma luna o ka ʻāina i kahi hui flanged, i loaʻa maʻamau i ka paipu hao ductile a me kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe.He ʻano gasket kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā lehelehe o nā paipu e pili ana, e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka gasket i kahi ākea ma waena o ka paipu.

Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā hoʻohui ʻana i ka mīkini a i ʻole nā ​​hui Victaulic no ka wehe pinepine ʻana a me ka hui ʻana.Hoʻokumu ʻia i nā makahiki 1920, hiki i kēia mau mea hoʻopili mechanical grooved ke hoʻohana a hiki i 120 paona i kēlā me kēia ʻīniha square (830 kPa) hana kaomi a loaʻa i nā mea e hoʻohālikelike ai i ka pae paipu.ʻO kekahi ʻano o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka mīkini he paipu flareless (ʻo nā inoa nui ʻo Swagelok, Ham-Let, Parker);Hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia kēia ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā paipu liʻiliʻi ma lalo o 2 iniha (51 mm) ke anawaena.

I ka hui ʻana o nā paipu i loko o nā keʻena kahi e pono ai nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe no ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka pūnaewele (e like me nā valves a i ʻole gauges), hoʻohana maʻamau ka wehe ʻana i nā hui, i mea e maʻalahi ai ke kau ʻana a me ka iho ʻana.

ʻO nā lako a me nā kiwi

Paipu keleawe
Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea paʻa e hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻohui i kekahi mau paipu, a no nā kumu ʻē aʻe.Loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole o nā paipu maʻamau;ua haki ʻia lākou i loko o ka tee, ka kuʻekuʻe, ka lālā, ka mea hoʻemi/nui, a i ʻole ka wye.Hoʻoponopono nā valves i ke kahe wai a hoʻoponopono i ke kaomi.Kūkākūkā hou nā ʻatikala e pili ana i ka paipu a me ka paipu paipu a me nā ʻatikala.

Hoomaemae
'Ōlelo nui: Hoʻomaʻemaʻe paipu

He paipu me ka limescale buildup, hoemi nui i ke anawaena o loko.
Hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka loko o nā paipu me kahi kaʻina hoʻomaʻemaʻe paipu, inā ua haumia lākou me ka ʻōpala a i ʻole ka ʻino.Pili kēia i ke kaʻina hana e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka paipu a me ka maʻemaʻe e pono ai no ka hana.I kekahi mau hihia, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā paipu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hoʻoneʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo Pipeline Inspection Gauge a i ʻole "puaʻa";ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā paipu a i ʻole nā ​​​​paipu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoluʻolu kūikawā i puhi ʻia.I kekahi mau hihia, kahi i mālama ʻia i ka hana ʻana, mālama ʻana, a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka paipu a me nā paipu, ua puhi ʻia nā laina maʻemaʻe me ka ea kaomi a i ʻole ka nitrogen.